Many animals were sacrificed to assure space flight was safe for humans. The larger creatures were given names, but the countless mice, frogs, tortoises, rats, insects, eggs, fish, and newts will forever remain nameless, heroes nonetheless. Here are some of their stories:DOGS (all Russian):
Laika, a stray mutt, was the first dog in space. The U.S.S.R. placed the three-year-old female Siberian mix into a capsule and sent it into orbit. Some claim she lived for days during the flight, but others say that she was dead within hours from the stress and overheating. Laika meant “barker” in Russian. She also went by Kudryavka (Little Curly). The Americans nicknamed her Muttnik. The capsule was never meant to be safely recovered, and it burned up on re-entry into our atmosphere. A statue of Laika can be found in Star City. Her statue was placed peeking out behind statues of other fallen Cosmonauts.
Other dogs followed:
Bars (Panther) and Lisichka (Little Fox)- died when the capsule exploded during launch.
Belka (Squirrel) and Strelka (Little Arrow) - survived one day in orbit and were safely returned to Earth. Strelka went on to have puppies, one of which was presented to Caroline Kennedy. Both dogs, when they died, were placed in the Memorial Museum of Astronautics in Moscow.
Pchelka (Little Bee) and Mushka (Little Fly) - died when the capsule re-entered the atmosphere at too steep of an angle.
Damka (Little Lady) and Krasavka (Beauty) - the upper rocket stage failed but the dogs returned safely.
Chernushka (Blackie) - Blackie travelled with mice and a guinea pig. All returned safely after one orbit.
Zvezdochka (Little Star) - another successful mission of one orbit. Also onboard: a wooden mannequin.
Verterok or Veterok (Little Wind) and Ugolyok or Ugolek (Little Piece of Coal) - the winners of the longest space flight taken by a dog! They spent 22 days in orbit.
MONKEYS:
Albert I, II, III, and IV: (U.S. 1949) Parachutes kept failing and the V-2 rockets kept crashing. All perished.
Yorick: (U.S. 1951) Survived a test in an Aerobee rocket, shooting him 45 miles up (technically not into space).
Patricia and Mike: (U.S. 1952) The two Phillipine monkeys flew to 36 miles and were subjected to the 2,000-mile-per-hour acceleration of the Aerobee rocket. They both survived and spent the rest of their lives at a zoo in Washington, D.C.
Gordo: (U.S. 1958) The squirrel monkey died when the Jupiter AM-13’s flotation device failed.
Able (female rhesus monkey) and Baker (male squirrel monkey): (U.S. 1959) As was the routine at the time, sensors were surgically implanted in the monkeys to monitor their vital signs. The monkeys survived their 300 mile height and 10,000 mile per hour trip, becoming weightless for 9 minutes. However, Able died from complications when the sensors were removed.
Sam and Miss Sam: (U.S. 1959 and 1960) Both rhesus monkeys survived their Mercury capsule trips. When Sam came back down to Earth in 1959, it is reported that he gave Miss Sam a big hug.
Ham (chimpanzee): (U.S. 1961) Ham had been trained to perform tasks and was sent up in a Mercury capsule to test the theory that monkeys could function in space. Problems arose, and Ham was subjected to a longer weightless period than planned. The capsule also flew severely off course. Ham, however, did as he was told perfectly. Because of the capsule was so off course, it didn’t land anywhere near the rescue ships. The capsule capsized and water poured in. Just before it totally submerged, Navy helicopter pilots lifted the craft out of the water. Ham survived the ordeal and was retired in 1963 to the zoo.
Enos (chimpanzee): (U.S. 1961) Enos’ successful Mercury capsule flight paved the way for John Glenn’s launch in 1962.
Bonnie (male pig-tailed monkey): (U.S. 1969) Bonnie was supposed to remain in Biosatellite 3 (a satellite designed to test biologic organisms reactions to space) for a month, but he quickly lost body fluids after only 8 days and was brought back down. He died soon after.
Spiders:
Arabella (orb weaving garden spider): (U.S. 1973) Arabella was sent into space for 59 days as part of a student’s science experiment. The student wanted to see if the spider would be able to weave a web in space. Arabella performed well, and wove a traditional orb web after some practice.
CATS:
Felix: (France 1963) Felix was recovered safely after a 120 mile altitude ride.
Today, animals are seldom taken into space, since computer models can do the same job without the risk of injury or death. However, some conditions warrant animal research, and the safety of the animal is top priority (claims NASA).